Prevalência e fatores de risco para lipedema no Brasil / Lipedema prevalence and risk factors in Brazil

Resumo Contexto O lipedema é caracterizado por deposição anormal de gordura em glúteos e pernas bilateralmente, que pode ser acompanhada por edema, dor e sensibilidade ao toque. Ainda é frequentemente confundido com condições mais frequentes, como obesidade e linfedema. A prevalência estimada na Europa varia entre 0,06% e 39%. Objetivos Avaliar a prevalência do lipedema na população brasileira e identificar fatores de saúde relacionados a essa doença. Métodos Foi aplicado um questionário de rastreamento on-line, previamente validado em amostra representativa da população geral. O questionário de rastreamento foi distribuído e aplicado em voluntárias anônimas representativas da população geral brasileira por software dedicado a análises populacionais. Resultados Um total de 253 mulheres respondeu ao questionário, e 12,3 ± 4% (intervalo de confiança de 95%) apresentaram sintomatologia compatível com alta probabilidade de diagnóstico de lipedema. Ansiedade, depressão, hipertensão e anemia foram correlacionadas com a alta probabilidade diagnóstica da doença. Conclusões A prevalência estimada do lipedema na população de mulheres brasileiras é de 12,3%.

Abstract Background Lipedema is characterized as an abnormal deposition of fat in the buttocks and legs bilaterally that may be accompanied by swelling, pain, and tenderness. It is still often confused with more frequent conditions such as obesity and lymphedema. The estimated prevalence in Europe varies between 0.06% and 39%. Objectives To evaluate the prevalence of lipedema and identify health factors related to it in the Brazilian population. Methods Administration of a previously validated online screening questionnaire to a representative sample of the general population. The questionnaire was distributed and administered to anonymous volunteers representing the general Brazilian population using software designed for population analyses. Results 253 women answered the questionnaire, 12.3 ± 4% (Confidence Interval [CI] 95%) of whom presented symptoms compatible with a high probability of being diagnosed with lipedema. Furthermore, anxiety, depression, hypertension, and anemia were also correlated with a high probability of the diagnosis. Conclusions The estimated prevalence of lipedema in the population of Brazilian women is 12.3%.

Tratamiento supermicroquirúrgico del linfocele inguinal con linfedema intercurrente: restauración de la fisiología linfática / Supermicrosurgical approach to inguinal lymphocele with lymphedema: restoring the lymphatic physiology

Resumen Introducción: El linfocele es una patología que puede ocurrir por la disrupción linfática durante una cirugía, siendo frecuente luego de una linfadenectomía inguinal. Existen diversos enfrentamientos para prevenirlo o minimizarlo, sin embargo, los resultados son inconsistentes. Caso clínico: Reportamos el caso de una mujer, con linfocele recurrente en zona inguinal derecha y linfedema distal de la extremidad secundario a una biopsia ganglionar, tratado exitosamente mediante supermicrocirugía para restaurar el drenaje linfático. La extremidad inferior tenía un exceso de volumen de 7,03%. Se realizaron estudios preoperatorios con linfografía por resonancia magnética y linfografía con verde de indocianina para identificar los vasos linfáticos y realizar anastomosis linfático-venosas (ALV). Se identificaron tres vasos linfáticos aferentes y se realizó una capsulectomía total. Se realizaron tres ALV término-terminales supermicroquirúrgicas en zona inguinal y una ALV distal en pierna. Durante seguimiento no hubo recidiva del linfocele, evidenciándose una reducción del exceso de volumen de la extremidad afectada de un 105,26%. El linfocele inguinal y linfedema pueden ser tratados exitosamente mediante supermicrocirugía, restaurando el flujo linfático de manera fisiológica, evitando la recurrencia de linfocele y mejorando los síntomas del linfedema.

Introduction: Lymphocele may occur after the disruption of lymphatic channels during a surgical procedure. After inguinal lymphadenectomy are very common, and many different approaches have been tried to prevent or minimize the formation of lymphoceles with inconsistent results. Clinical Case: We report a case of a female patient who presented with right recurrent inguinal lymphocele and lower limb lymphedema after lymph-node biopsy that was successfully treated with lymphatic supermicrosurgery restoring the lymph flow. Lower extremity had an excess volume of 7,03% compared to the healthy contralateral limb. Preoperative study with magnetic resonance lymphangiography and indocyanine green lymphography were done to identify intraoperatively lymphocele afferent and distal lymphatic vessels to perform lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA). Three different afferent lymphatics were identified and total capsulectomy was performed. Three end-to- end supermicrosurgical LVA in the groin and one distal LVA on the leg were performed. The surgery was uneventful, and there were no postoperative complications. In the follow-up, no lymphocele was noticed and lymphedema had visibly reduced with a reduction of excess volume of 105.26%. Inguinal lymphocele and lymphedema can be successfully treated with supermicrosurgery since it is a physiological approach to restore the lymphatic flow, in order to avoid lymphocele recurrence and to improve lymphedema symptoms.

Tratamiento quirúrgico del linfedema de miembro superior postratamiento del cáncer de mama / Surgical treatment of lymphedema of the upper limb after breast cancer

Introducción. El linfedema de miembro superior postratamiento del cáncer de mama es una afección progresiva y crónica que compromete a una gran cantidad de pacientes causando efectos físicos, psicológicos y sociales. El linfedema secundario se da en un 20-40% de los casos luego de la cirugía del cáncer de mama con vaciamiento y radioterapia. Este es un problema desafiante. El tratamiento conservador ha demostrado no ser suficientemente exitoso por lo que su tratamiento quirúrgico es una buena opción. La transferencia microquirúrgica de nódulo linfático vascularizado (TNLV) brindó una nueva esperanza para este grupo de pacientes. Material y métodos. En el periodo comprendido entre marzo 2016 y agosto 2018 se analizaron 16 pacientes con una edad promedio de 50,25. Se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico basándose en la transferencia de nódulo linfático vascularizado (TNLV) de la ingle a la axila por medio de una anastomosis microquirúrgica de la arteria circunfleja ilíaca superficial en pacientes que presentaron linfedema secundario al tratamiento del cáncer de mama. Se realizó simultáneamente a la cirugía reconstructiva de la mama con colgajo libre DIEP y también en un segundo tiempo quirúrgico. Tiempo quirúrgico de 4,3 horas y una estadía en internación de 2,3 días. Resultados. La vitalidad de los colgajos fue 100%. Como morbilidad, se presentaron cuatro casos de seroma, una infección y una dehiscencia en la zona dadora. Con un seguimiento promedio de 10,43 meses y una reducción significativa de volumen del miembro afectado del 27.47% en comparación con el preoperatorio. La incidencia de celulitis descendió. La linfografía posoperatoria indicó una mejoría en el drenaje linfático del miembro afectado. Conclusiones. La transferencia linfática vascularizada al miembro afectado en conjunto con la cirugía reconstructiva mamaria DIEP es un procedimiento seguro y eficaz en el tratamiento del linfedema de miembro superior en pacientes mastectomizadas con vaciamiento ganglionar y radioterapia.

Purpose: Upper limb lymphedema post breast cancer treatment is a progressive and chronic condition that involves a large number of patients causing psychological, physical and social effects. The incidence of secondary lymphedema is about 20-40% before breast cancer treatment. This is a challenging problem. The conservative treatment has shown not to be successful enough so the surgery is a really good option. The vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) offers some hope to this group of patients. The purpose of the investigation is to demonstrate that te VLNT is an efficacious approach to treating postmastectomy upper limb lymphedema. Methods: From March 2016 to August 2018 were analyzed sixteen patients with a mean age of 50.25 years. They all have secondary lymphedema. They underwent surgical treatment based on vascularized lymph node transfer from the groin to the axially area or elbow as a recipent site. The deep inferior epigastric perforator flap was made at the same time, as a stacked flap. In only six cases, the VLNT was made on a second surgical time. The serrato's vessels were used as a recipient vessels in the axilary area and a radial artery branch and the cephalic vein were used in the elbow. Results: The flaps vitality was 100%. There were four seroma cases, one infection and one dehiscence. At a mean follow up of 10.43, the mean circumference reduction rate of the lymphedematous limb was about 27.47% between the preoperative and the postoperative groups. The postoperative lymphoscintigrapy showed a little improvement. The follow up of the vitality of the nodes was made by a lymphatic contrast tomography, and it showed all nodes survived. Conclusions: The vascularized lymph node transfer and the DIEP flap were confirmed as an effective and safe treatment to the secondary lymphedema in this type of patients, and it really improves postmastectomy upper limb lymphedema

Funcionalidade e qualidade de vida em indivíduos com linfedema unilateral em membro inferior: um estudo transversal / Functionality and quality of life of patients with unilateral lymphedema of a lower limb: a cross-sectional study

O linfedema de membros inferiores é uma doença crônica decorrente de dano no sistema linfático que influencia a mobilidade, a funcionalidade e a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. Questionários e o teste físico são métodos bastante práticos, de fácil aplicação e baixo custo, que fornecem dados importantes para a avaliação desses pacientes. Objetivos Avaliar a influência do linfedema unilateral de membro inferior na funcionalidade e na qualidade de vida, correlacionando três ferramentas de avaliação. Métodos Estudo descritivo com 25 indivíduos com linfedema unilateral em membro inferior, de ambos os sexos. Foi avaliada a perimetria e foram aplicados The Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) para avaliação da qualidade de vida, Lymphoedema Functioning, Disability and Health Questionnaire for Lower Limb Lymphoedema (Lymph-ICF-LL) para estudo das habilidades físicas, mentais e sociais relacionadas ao linfedema e o Timed Up and Go (TUG) para avaliação da funcionalidade. Resultados Houve a presença de linfedema em todo o membro inferior dos participantes. Os domínios mais prejudicados pelo linfedema foram os aspectos físicos (25,0 ± 31,4) e emocionais (36,0 ± 42,9) no SF-36 e o domínio mobilidade (6,0 ± 2,6) no Lymph-ICF-LL. O TUG foi realizado em 9,88 ± 1,98 s. Houve correlação entre o TUG e os questionários e entre os dois questionários utilizados. Conclusões Indivíduos com linfedema unilateral em membro inferior apresentam um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida e na funcionalidade avaliadas através de questionários, que correlacionam entre si. Não foi encontrada alteração no TUG, mas houve correlação entre ele e os questionários utilizados

Lymphedema of the lower limbs is a chronic disease caused by damage to the lymphatic system that influences people's mobility, functionality, and quality of life. Questionnaires and physical test are very practical, easy to apply, and low cost methods that provide important data for evaluation of these patients. Objectives To evaluate the influence of unilateral lower limb lymphedema on functionality and quality of life, correlating 3 assessment tools. Methods This was a descriptive study investigating 25 patients of both sexes with unilateral lymphedema in a lower limb. Limb volume was assessed using circumferential tape measurements, the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) was used to assess quality of life, the Lymphoedema Functioning, Disability and Health Questionnaire for Lower Limb Lymphoedema (Lymph-ICF-LL) was used to assess physical, mental, and social skills related to lymphedema, and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test was used for functional assessment. Results Lymphedema was present throughout the affected lower limb of participants. The domains most affected by lymphedema were physical aspects (25.0 ± 31.4) and emotional aspects (36.0 ± 42.9) from the SF-36 and the mobility domain (6.0 ± 2.6) from the Lymph -ICF-LL. Patients performed the TUG in 9.88 ± 1.98 seconds. The TUG was correlated with the questionnaires and the questionnaires were correlated with each other. Conclusions People with unilateral lower limb lymphedema exhibited negative impacts on quality of life and functionality, as evaluated by questionnaires, which were correlated with each other. TUG performance was within normal limits, but results correlated with the questionnaires used

Translation and adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Lymphedema Rating Scale in Head and Neck Cancer / Tradução e adaptação para o português brasileiro da Lymphedema Rating Scale in Head and Neck Cancer

ABSTRACT Objective: Translate to brazilian portuguese, culturally adapt and test the rating and classification scales of cervicofacial lymphedema of the MD Anderson Cancer Center Head and Neck Lymphedema Protocol (MDACC HNL) in patients undergoing treatment for head and neck cancer. Methods: The process followed international guidelines and translation stages by two head and neck surgeons, and back translation independently by two native Americans. The test of final version was based on the evaluation of 18 patients by one speech pathologist and one physical therapist who applied the scales in Portuguese. Results: The translation of the three scales was carried out independently and the translators reached a consensus for the final version. Minor modifications were made by translating two terms into the Assessment of the Face. Versions of back-translation were similar to each other. The instrument was successfully applied to patients independently. Conclusion: The translation and cultural adaptation of the assessment and rating scale of the cervicofacial lymphedema of the MD Anderson Cancer Center Head and Neck Lymphedema Protocol to the Brazilian Portuguese were successful.

RESUMO Objetivo: Traduzir, para o português brasileiro, adaptar culturalmente e testar as escalas de avaliação e classificação do linfedema cérvico-facial do MD Anderson Cancer Center Head and Neck Lymphedema Protocol (MDACC HNL) em pacientes submetidos ao tratamento para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Métodos: O processo seguiu as diretrizes internacionais e as etapas de tradução por dois cirurgiões de cabeça e pescoço, além de retrotradução de forma independente por dois nativos norte-americanos. O teste da versão final foi realizado a partir da avaliação de 18 pacientes por um fonoaudiólogo e um fisioterapeuta, por meio da aplicação das escalas em português. Resultados: A tradução das três escalas foi realizada de forma independente, e os tradutores chegaram a um consenso para a versão final. Foram feitas pequenas modificações, ao serem traduzidos dois termos em Assessment of the Face . As versões da retrotradução foram semelhantes entre si. O instrumento foi aplicado com sucesso nos pacientes de forma independente. Conclusão: A tradução e a adaptação das escalas de avaliação e classificação do linfedema cérvico-facial do MD Anderson Cancer Center Head and Neck Lymphedema protocol para o português foram bem sucedidas.

First Korean case of Emberger syndrome (primary lymphedema with myelodysplasia) with a novel GATA2 gene mutation

No abstract available.

Evaluation of inter-rater reliability of subjective and objective criteria for diagnosis of lymphedema in upper and lower limbs / Avaliação da confiabilidade entre os critérios subjetivos e objetivos utilizados para o diagnóstico de linfedema nos membros superiores e inferiores

The diagnosis of lymphedema can be obtained objectively by measurement methods, and also by subjective methods, based on the patient's complaint. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate inter-rater reliability of objective and subjective criteria used for diagnosis of lymphedema and to propose a lymphedema cut-off for differences in volume between affected and control limbs. METHODS: We studied 84 patients who had undergone lymphadenectomy for treatment of cutaneous melanoma. Physical measures were obtained by manual perimetry (MP). The subjective criteria analyzed were clinical diagnosis of lymphedema in patients' medical records and self-report of feelings of heaviness and/or increase in volume in the affected limb. RESULTS: For upper limbs, the subjective criteria clinical observation (k 0.754, P<0.001) and heaviness and swelling (k 0.689, P<0.001) both exhibited strong agreement with MP results and there was moderate agreement between MP results and swelling (k 0.483 P<0.001), heaviness (k 0.576, P<0.001) and heaviness or swelling (k 0.412, P=0.001). For lower limbs there was moderate agreement between MP results and clinical observation (k 0.423, P=0.003) and regular agreement between MP and self-report of swelling (k 0.383, P=0.003). Cut-off values for diagnosing lymphedema were defined as a 9.7% difference between an affected upper limb and control upper limb and a 5.7% difference between lower limbs. CONCLUSION: Manual perimetry, medical criteria, and self-report of heaviness and/or swelling exhibited better agreement for upper limbs than for lower limbs for diagnosis of lymphedema...

O diagnóstico de linfedema pode ser obtido tanto de forma objetiva, por métodos de mensuração, quanto por métodos subjetivos, através da queixa do paciente. OBJETIVO: Examinar a confiabilidade entre critérios objetivos e subjetivos utilizados para o diagnóstico de linfedema e propor um ponto de corte para linfedema de membros superiores e inferiores. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 84 pacientes submetidos à linfonodectomias para o tratamento do melanoma cutâneo. As mensurações dos membros foram feitas utilizando a perimetria manual. Os critérios subjetivos foram obtidos através do diagnóstico de linfedema nos prontuários dos pacientes (observação clínica) e de auto-relato de sensação de peso e/ou aumento de volume no membro afetado. RESULTADOS: Nos membros superiores, houve uma forte correlação entre a perimetria manual e cada um dos critérios subjetivos: observação clínica (k 0,754, P<0,001) e sensação de peso eaumento de volume (k 0,689, P<0,001); concordância moderada no aumento de volume (k 0,483, P<0,001), peso (k 0,576, P<0,001) e sensação de peso ou aumento de volume (k 0,412, P=0,001). Nos membros inferiores, houve concordância moderada entre a perimetria e observação clínica (k 0,423, P=0,003) e regular no aumento de volume (k 0,383, P=0,003). O ponto de corte para definir linfedema foi uma diferença de 9,7% entre o membro afetado e o controle, e 5,7% de diferença para membros inferiores. CONCLUSÃO: Perimetria, observação clínica e auto-relato de sensação de peso e/ou aumento de volume, apresentaram melhor concordância para membros superiores que para inferiores no diagnóstico de linfedema...

Primary Lymphedema of the Lower Limb: The Clinical Utility of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/CT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective study was to determine whether the additional use of the single photon emission computed tomography/CT (SPECT/CT) technique improves the diagnostic value of planar lymphoscintigraphy in patients presenting with primary lymph edema of the lower limb. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For a defined period of three years (April 2011-April 2014) a total of 34 consecutive patients (28 females; age range, 27-83 years) presenting with swelling of the leg(s) suspicious of (uni- or bilateral, proximal or distal) primary lymphedema were prospectively examined by planar lymphoscintigraphy (lower limbs, n = 67) and the tomographic SPECT/CT technique (anatomical sides, n = 65). RESULTS: In comparison to pathological planar scintigraphic findings, the addition of SPECT/CT provided relevant additional information regarding the presence of dermal backflow (86%), the anatomical extent of lymphatic disorders (64%), the presence or absence of lymph nodes (46%), and the visualization of lymph vessels (4%). CONCLUSION: As an adjunct to planar lymphoscintigraphy, SPECT/CT specifies the anatomical correlation of lymphatic disorders and thus improves assessment of the extent of pathology due to the particular advantages of tomographic separation of overlapping sources. The interpretation of scintigraphic data benefits not only in baseline diagnosis, but also in physiotherapeutical and microsurgical treatments of primary lymphedema.

Role of semirigid thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of exudative pleural effusion: Assiut University Hospital experience

The procedure of medical thoracoscopy provides a window into the pleural space to perform biopsy under direct visualization, particularly when thoracocentesis and closed pleural biopsy are inconclusive. The development of the semirigid thoracoscope, which is handled similarly to a bronchoscope, has made this procedure feasible and successful by most pulmonologists. It remains unknown whether certain pleural lesions, as visualized on thoracoscopy, has potential diagnostic value. We aimed to assess diagnostic value of the semirigid thoracoscope and correlate endoscopic finding with the histological diagnosis. From January 2010 to January 2012, 64 diagnostic medical thoracoscopies were performed to 64 patients with undiagnosed pleural effusion, in a tertiary care university hospital. All patients had thoracoscopy with visually directed biopsies and pleural lesion rating under local anaesthesia and mild sedation. Endoscopic findings were classified as: pleural thickening, nodules, adhesions and whitish lymphedema. The yield of the thoracoscopic biopsy in reaching final diagnosis was [98.4%]. Thoracoscopic diagnosis of malignancy in our study was [76.6%] whereas benign diagnosis was [23.4%]. Thoracoscopy was well tolerated under local anaesthesia and in most cases it was a one day procedure. Significant relations were found between endoscopic and pathology findings. Presence of nodules and lymphedema had a trend a positive relation with malignancy, p-value [0.002] and [0.009] respectively. Medical thoracoscopy is a simple relatively low-cost procedure. In the hands of experienced physicians it is generally safe, and highly effective at achieving a histological diagnosis. The presence of nodules and lymphedema, carries a high possibility of the effusion to be of a malignant etiology

Avaliação da volumetria optoeletrônica como método diagnóstico de linfedema de membros em pacientes que realizaram linfonodectomia radical para tratamento do melanoma cutâneo / Evaluation through optoelectronic volumetry as a method of diagnosis of lymphedema limbs in patients who have lymphadenectomy radical treatment of cutaneous melanoma

INTRODUÇÃO: A volumetria optoeletrônica (VOPE) é um método inédito no Brasil, utilizado para o diagnóstico de linfedema de membros. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar um método de diagnóstico de linfedema de membros, inédito no país, em pacientes com linfonodectomias radicais como tratamento para o melanoma cutâneo, analisando a reprodutibilidade entre a VOPE e a perimetria manual (PM) e a prevalência de linfedema nestes métodos através de diferentes pontos de corte. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Fizeram parte do estudo 97 indivíduos submetidos à linfonodectomia axilar (46 casos – 47,4%), inguinal (26 – 26,8%) ou ínguino-ilíaca (25 – 25,8%) no período de 1990 a 2012. Excluíram-se os pacientes com amputação de um membro ou dissecção bilateral. A mensuração de volume dos membros foi feita através da PM aplicada na fórmula do cone truncado e da VOPE (aparelho Perômetro). A diferença entre os volumes da PM e da VOPE foi verificada através do teste de Wilcoxon. O coeficiente kappa foi utilizado para verificar a concordância entre os métodos. RESULTADOS: Foram propostos pontos de corte para membros superiores, sendo uma diferença entre os membros > 7%, > 10%, > 150 ml, > 200 ml e ≥ 3 circunferências com mais de 2 cm de diferença entre o lado homolateral e contralateral e para membros inferiores > 6%, > 7%, > 300 ml, > 420 ml e ≥ 3 circunferências. As prevalências de linfedema de membro superior na VOPE variaram de 15,2% a 34,8% e na PM de 2,2% a 32,6%, já para membros inferiores, variaram de 66,7% a 80,4% na VOPE e 49,0% a 76,5% na PM. No ponto de corte > 10% para membros superiores, a prevalência foi semelhante na VOPE e na PM, porém para os demais houve divergências. A concordância entre os métodos foi satisfatória e estatisticamente significativa (linfonodectomia axilar: 0,663, p < 0,001; inguinal: 0,549, p = 0,003 e ínguino-ilíaca: 0,884, p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Ambos os métodos apresentaram boa reprodutibilidade entre si, porém o Perômetro fornece uma mensuração mais precisa...

INTRODUCTION: Optoelectronic volumetry (OPVO) is a unpublished method in Brazil, used in the diagnosis of lymphedema limbs.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a method for diagnosis of lymphedema limbs, unprecedented in the country, in patients with radical lymphadenectomies as a treatment for cutaneous melanoma, analyzing reproducibility between OPVO and manual perimetry (MP) and the prevalence of lymphedema in these methods using different cutoff points. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was studied 97 patients who underwent axillary lymphadenectomy (46 cases - 47.4%), inguinal (26 - 26.8%) or ilio-inguinal (25 - 25.8%) in the period from 1990 to 2012. It was excluded patients with amputation of a limb or bilateral dissection. The measurement of limb volume was done by MP applied in the formula of the truncated cone and OPVO (Perometer). The difference between the volumes of the MP and OPVO was checked by Wilcoxon test. The kappa coefficient was used to assess the agreement between the methods. RESULTS: The proposed cutoff points for upper limbs are a difference between members > 7%, > 10%, > 150 ml, > 200 ml and ≥ 3 circumferences of more than 2 cm difference between the ipsilateral and contralateral side and lower limbs > 6%, > 7%, > 300 ml, > 420 mL and ≥ 3 circumferences. The prevalence of upper limb lymphedema in OPVO ranged from 15.2% to 34.8% and in MP 2.2% to 32.6%, while for lower limbs ranged from 66.7% to 80.4% in OPVO and 49.0% to 76.5% in MP. At a cutoff > 10% for upper limbs, the prevalence was similar in both OPVO and MP, but for the others cutoffs there were differences. The agreement between the methods was satisfactory and statistically significant (axillary lymphadenectomy: 0.663, p < 0.001; inguinal: 0.549, p = 0.003, and ilio-inguinal: 0.884, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Both methods showed good reproducibility among themselves, but Perometer provides more precise measurements, practical, fast, with instantaneous volume and compatible with the MP. The OPVO...

Diabetic foot ulcers combination with lower limb lymphedema treated by staged charles procedure: case report and literature review

Primary or secondary, lymphedema is lymphatic dysfunction which results in protein-rich interstitial fluid accumulated in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. In developed countries, surgical resection of regional lymph nodes or chronic inflammation process is the most common etiology of lymphedema instead of parasite infection seen in developing countries. Patients with lymphedema sustain either cosmetic or functional problems, and several studies have indicated the potential risk, though not high, transforming lymphedema to lymphangiosarcoma. Here we introduce a simple idea with staged Charles procedure by a case report to decrease the size of wound healing in each procedure and decreasing the rate of surgical complication

Síndrome da unha amarela: relato de caso / Yellow nail syndrome: case report

A síndrome da unha amarela é uma doença rara, caracterizada pela tríade de linfedema, derrame pleural e unhas Distróficas de crescimento lento e coloração amarelada. Várias associações já foram descritas, entre elas, afecções crônicas do aparelho respiratório, doenças autoimunes, malignidades e estados de imunodeficiência. Entre os casos citados na literatura, apenas cerca de um terço se apresenta com todos os achados e o caso relatado a seguir é um exemplo da tríade clássica.

The yellow nail syndrome is a rare disease, in which there is a triad of lymphedema, pleural effusion and slow-growing dystrophic yellow nails. Many associations have already been described; among them, chronic respiratory tract diseases, autoimmune disorders, malignancies and immunodeficiency conditions. Only one third of cases in the literature show all findings. The case reported next is an example of the classical triad.

Linfedema após o câncer de mama - da epidemiologia ao tratamento / Lymphedema after breast cancer - from epidemiology to treatment

O linfedema é uma condição incurável e incapacitante e afeta aproximadamente 5 mil novos pacientes com câncer de mama ao ano no Brasil. Além do impacto social e psicológico, essa mortalidade tem grande impacto na saúde pública em consequência de sua elevada prevalência e do bom prognóstico do câncer de mama. Mesmo sendo uma morbidade de sequela do tratamento oncológico, o linfedema, de certa forma, infelizmente, tem siso negligenciado pelos profissionais da sáude. Essa desconsideração por essa indesejável doença causa atrasos no diagnóstico, discordâncias na abordagem terapêutica e consequentemente pior prognóstico do linfedema. Este artigo de revisão ressalta os aspectos mais relevantes sobre o linfedema pós-linfadectomia.

Lymphedema is an incurable and disabling condition. In Brazil, it affects approximately 5000 new breast cancer patients per year. Despite its social and psychological impact, it has a major impact in public health care, because of its high prevalence and the good prognosis of breast cancer patients. Nevertheless lymphedema is a morbidity associated with the surgical treatment; it has been unfortunately disregarded by health professionals. This negligence causes delayed diagnoses, discrepancies in treatment approaches and consequently a poorer prognosis of the lymphedema. This review highlights the most relevant aspects of the post-lymphadenectomy lymphedema

Linfedema / Lymphedema

El linfedema se debe a depósito de proteínas con alto Peso Molecular (PM) en el intersticio, debido a una falla en el transporte de linfa, originando edema. Es un cuadro lentamente progresivo de origen primario o secundario principalmente a cirugía oncológica en la extremidad superior e infecciosa en las inferiores. Clínicamente se manifiesta por edema irreversible al fallar la función de los linfáticos en la reabsorción de proteínas de alto PM, las que al permanecer en el intersticio provocan la atracción de agua y electrolitos, favoreciendo la fibrasis. Sin tratamiento evoluciona a elefantiasis y paquidermitis por linfangectasia.Las complicaciones más frecuentes son las infecciones bacterianas de la piel recidivantes que agravan el cuadro, rara vez evoluciona a un linfangiosarcoma.Su tratamiento se basa fundamentalmente en el drenaje linfático manual (DLM), presoterapia, elastocompresión y benzopironas.A pesar de ser una patología irreversible, detectada a tiempo y bien manejada permite detener su evolución y mejorar la calidad de vida.

Lymphedema is caused by a deficiency in the lymph transport system, that produce deposit of high molecular weight protein in the interticial space, derivating edema. It is a slowly progressive disease of primary origin, or secondary to oncologic surgery in the upper extremities, and infectious in the lower extremities. It is clinically manifested by an irreversible edema when the lymphatic vessels' function fail to reabsorb high molecular weight proteins. These proteins remain in the interstice, producing water and electrolytes attraction, thus favoring fibrosis. If it is not treated, lymphedema results in elephantiasis and paquidermitis due to lymphagectasy. The most frequent complications are recurrent skin infections due to bacteria that complica te the whole illness. Very rarely results in lymphagiosarcome. Its treatment is essentially based on manual linfatic drainage (MLD), pressotherapy, elastocompressure, and benzopirones. Though lymphedema is an irreversible pathology, if detected timely and well treated, it allows for a detention in its evolution and improvement in quality of life.

A eficácia da drenagem linfática manual no pós-operatório de câncer de cabeça e pescoço / The effectiveness of the manual lymphatic drainage in the postoperative period of head and neck cancer

Objetivo: verificar a eficácia do uso da drenagem linfática manual (DLM) na redução do linfedema facial, proveniente de cirurgias oncológicas de cabeça e pescoço. Pacientes e método: foram estudados três indivíduos internados na enfermaria do Instituto Brasileiro de Controle do Câncer submetidos à cirurgia oncológica de cabeça e pescoço que evoluíram com linfedema. Antes e após cada sessão de DLM foram ralizadas mensurações com fita métrica segundo medidas propostas na literatura e registro fotográfico. Resultados: em todos os casos, observou-se diminuição das medidas referentes aos quadrantes inferiores da face. Conclusão: a DLM utilizada neste protocolo é eficaz para a redução do linfedema facial após cirurgia oncológica de cabeça e pescoço.

Objective: to verify the effectiveness of the use of the manual lymphatic drainage (MDL) in the reduction of the facial lynphedema, resulting from head and neck oncologic surgeries. Materials and methods: three patients were studied in Brazilian Institute of Control of Cancer submitted to head and neck oncologic surgery. They presented with lymphedema. Measurement were accomplished before and after each session of MDL, with measuring tape and photographic registration. Decreasing of the measurement was observed in the inferior quadrants of the face. Conclusion: MLD used in this protocol is effective for reduction of the facial lymphedema after head and neck oncologic surgery.

Critérios semiquantitativos de análise da linfocintilografia em linfedema dos membros inferiores / Criteria for semi-quantitative analysis of lymphoscintigraphy in lower limb lymphedema

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se diferentes parâmetros de análise da linfocintilografia permitem a distinção entre membros com e sem linfedema em pacientes com quadro clínico de edema unilateral. MÉTODOS: Levantamento retrospectivo dos exames de 20 pacientes submetidos a linfocintilografia para investigação de edema unilateral de membros inferiores, divididos em pacientes com linfedema primário (grupo 1, n = 7) ou secundário pós-traumático (grupo 2, n = 13). Foi realizada linfocintilografia após injeção subdérmica de soroalbumina humana marcada com tecnécio-99m nos pés, com imagens da região inguinal durante 15 min e imagens dos membros inferiores após 15 min e 1 h. Os parâmetros analisados foram: tempo de aparecimento da cadeia inguinal, índice semiquantitativo (fluxo linfático, difusão intersticial, aspecto dos vasos, tempo de aparecimento e aspecto dos linfonodos inguinais) e inclinação da curva de atividade em função do tempo da região inguinal. As medidas nos membros clinicamente acometidos foram comparadas aos membros sem linfedema em ambos os grupos. RESULTADO: O tempo médio de aparecimento da cadeia inguinal e o índice semiquantitativo foram significativamente maiores nos membros com linfedema que nos membros sem linfedema quando considerados todos os pacientes, com maior retardo e índice semiquantitativo nos membros com linfedema do grupo 1 em relação aos do grupo 2. CONCLUSÃO: A análise do tempo de aparecimento da cadeia inguinal e o índice semiquantitativo fornecem parâmetros objetivos de avaliação do linfedema que podem auxiliar na detecção e seguimento dos pacientes com linfedema.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether different parameters could be used in the analysis of lymphoscintigraphy to distinguish affected from unaffected limbs in patients with unilateral edema. METHODS: Twenty patients who underwent lymphoscintigraphy for screening of unilateral lower limb edema were retrospectively assessed and divided into patients with primary lymphedema (group 1, n = 7) or secondary post-traumatic edema (group 2, n = 13). Technetium 99m-labeled human serum albumin was subdermally administered in the feet, followed by a dynamic lymphoscintigraphy of the pelvis during 15 min and static images of the lower limbs after 15 min and 1 h. Analyzed parameters were detection time of groin activity, semi-quantitative index (lymph flow, interstitial diffusion, aspect of vessels, detection time and aspect of inguinal lymph nodes) and slope of groin time-activity curve. The parameters of clinically affected limbs were compared to those of the contralateral limbs in both groups. RESULTS: Detection time of groin activity and semi-quantitative index were significantly higher in affected limbs considering all patients, with a more severe delay and a higher semi-quantitative index in group 1 compared to group 2. CONCLUSION: Analysis of detection time of groin activity and semi-quantitative index can add objective parameters that can be used in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with lymphedema.

Linfedema / Lymphedema

Ha sido estimado (WHO) que un 3 por ciento de la población mundial convive y padece un linfedema, entre los grados o estadios subclínico y la elefantiasis extrema. ¿Qué es el linfedema y cuál es su etiopatogenia? ¿Es un signo, un síntoma, una enfermedad? No hay duda de que el linfedema más frecuente aparece por una parasitosis. Las filariasis. Una obstrucción por una causal extrínseca del sistema linfático. Múltiples son las causas que reproducen esta situación, y el resultado, con consenso, se denomina linfedema secundario. Por oposición y no necesariamente por consenso, aparece el término linfedema primario, obstrucción funcional o anatómico por una causal intrínseca del sistema congénito, seguramente geneticamente condicionado. El término linfedema idiopático (gr) (espontáneo, de causa desconocida) aparece como una opción para definir el tema. En la medida que sea conocida la causa el termino idiopático no tiene sentido. Hoy son conocidas la mayoría de las causas pero no por qué se desencadenan. Si así fuera, todos los linfedemas tendrían tratamiento específico. Frente a una cascada de opinión y terminología se deben ordenar estos conceptos como ejercicio semántico para lograr un lenguaje común en un tema de alto impacto médico y psicosocial.

Factors Influencing the Emotional State of Patients with Lymphedema / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the emotional state and related factors in patients with lymphedema. METHODS: The subjects of this study consisted of 95 patients with lymphedema at 8 hospitals in Busan and Seoul. Data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire between March 2001 to December 2001. Data was analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS Win 12.0. RESULTS: The mean score of the emotional state of the subjects was 3.06; of their physical symptoms, 1.84; of their Activities of Daily Living(ADLs), 2.30; and of their social activities, 3.67. The emotional states of lymphedema patients correlated with their physical symptoms, their ADLs, and their social activities. The Factor influencing the emotional state of the subjects was social activities. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a negative emotional state is very common in patients with lymphedema, to which appropriate attention should be given. Rehabilitation programs must be implemented to improve lymphedema patients' emotional state, physical symptoms, ADLs, and social activities.